{"id":17254,"date":"2026-01-28T15:37:40","date_gmt":"2026-01-28T15:37:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.turismojesi.it\/federico-ii-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-23T15:56:27","modified_gmt":"2026-07-23T15:56:27","slug":"federico-ii-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.turismojesi.it\/en\/federico-ii-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Federico II"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Frederick II\n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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A visionary and multifaceted ruler, Stupor Mundi<\/em>, Frederick II of Swabia was a driving force
of political modernity and a bridge between different worlds: a forward-thinking spirit
who broke the conventions of his time<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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In December 1194<\/strong>, Constance of Hauteville<\/strong>, traveling through the March of Ancona to reach her husband Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, in Sicily, stopped in Jesi<\/strong>. On December 26<\/strong>, she gave birth to Frederick II<\/strong>. According to tradition, the birth took place under a tent in Piazza San Floriano<\/strong>, now Piazza Federico II, in the presence of the city\u2019s civil and religious authorities.<\/p>

King of Sicily<\/strong> from 1196<\/strong>, he was placed under the guardianship of Pope Innocent III in 1198. Elected King of Germany<\/strong> in 1212<\/strong>, he received the crown of the Holy Roman Empire<\/strong> in 1220<\/strong> from Pope Honorius III. He came into conflict with the papacy after ignoring calls for a crusade and was excommunicated<\/strong> in 1226<\/strong>. In 1228<\/strong>, he led an expedition<\/strong> to the Holy Land<\/strong>, during which he successfully regained Jerusalem<\/strong> through diplomacy, negotiating peace with the sultan.<\/p>

In Germany<\/strong>, he granted broad autonomy<\/strong> to the high nobility<\/strong>, weakening the lesser nobility, the cities, and ultimately the crown itself, whose authority was significantly reduced. He established the political<\/strong> and administrative<\/strong> center<\/strong> of his rule in Sicily<\/strong>, creating a centralized bureaucratic system and enacting, with the Constitutions of Melfi in 1231<\/strong>, a comprehensive body of laws<\/strong>.<\/p>

His court<\/strong> in Palermo<\/strong> became a meeting point and center of diffusion for Arab<\/strong>, Greek<\/strong>, and Jewish culture<\/strong>. As leader of the Italian Ghibellines<\/strong>, he engaged in a twenty-year-old clash<\/strong> with the papacy<\/strong>, was again excommunicated<\/strong> in 1239<\/strong>, and fought the Guelph forces, particularly the northern Italian communes, which he defeated at the Battle of Cortenuova in 1237 but by which he was later defeated at the Battle of Parma in 1248. He died<\/strong> at Castel Fiorentino<\/strong>, near Lucera<\/strong>, in 1250<\/strong>.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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FOR further study\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Federico II Hohenstaufen Foundation<\/strong><\/h5>

promotes the legacy and work of the great Swabian Emperor<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Frederick II A visionary and multifaceted ruler, Stupor Mundi, Frederick II of Swabia was a driving forceof political modernity and a bridge between different worlds: a forward-thinking spiritwho broke the conventions of his time In December 1194, Constance of Hauteville, traveling through the March of Ancona to reach her husband Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17254","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turismojesi.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17254","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turismojesi.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turismojesi.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turismojesi.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turismojesi.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17254"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/www.turismojesi.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17254\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21143,"href":"https:\/\/www.turismojesi.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17254\/revisions\/21143"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turismojesi.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17254"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}